Breadseed poppy seedlings11/23/2023 ![]() the former has considerably higher levels of the five major alkaloids, by percent weight, of opium than that present in setigerum ( Table 1). Although it is known that alkaloid compounds can be found in both Papaver somniferum L. but no biosynthetic interconversion to codeine and morphine has been found in these species ( Stermitz and Rapoport, 1961). Thebaine has been reported in Papaver orientale L. and Papaver setigerum D.C ( Garnock-Jones and Scholes, 1990 Yoshimatsu et al., 2005 Mohsin et al., 2012). Of the plant family Papaveraceae (common name poppy) the genus Papaver has two species containing morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine (also called narcotine), and papaverine ( Figure 1): Papaver somniferum L. In the 21 st century, the two main legitimate uses of the opium poppy are as a source of alkaloid compounds for the pharmaceutical industry and as a source of poppy seeds for the food industry ( Gumuscu et al., 2008). Much has been written with respect to the opium poppy and many relate not only to the cultivation and harvest of this crop but to the investigations of the chemistry of the plant and its medicinal uses as well as the wars that have been fought over opium ( Duke, 1973 Kapoor, 1995 Bernath, 1999 Miller and Tran, 2000 Aragón-Poce et al., 2002 Askitopoulou et al., 2002 Martinez-Fernández et al., 2002 Schiff, 2002 Bozan and Temelli, 2008 Cordell, 2013 Windle, 2013). the opium poppy originated in Sumer, a region in ancient Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq and Kuwait) around 5000 BC ( Aragón-Poce et al., 2002). It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 μg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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